Showing posts with label selenium. Show all posts
Showing posts with label selenium. Show all posts
Category: Selenium
Selenium SELECT cancer trial - Selenium fails to prevent cancer
SELECT trial was conducted to investigate the benefits of Selenium and vitamin E in cancer.
Research studies conducted in late 1990s and early 2000 pointed towards benefit of selenium and vitamin E in the prevention of prostate cancer.
In the Nutritional Prevention of Cancer Trial conducted from 1996 it was found that men taking this mineral had 52% less chances of acquiring prostate cancer than participants taking placebo.
In another study conducted on 29,000 plus smokers in Finland
men taking vitamin E had 32% less chances of acquiring prostate cancer than persons taking placebo.
These studies formed the basis for taking up this massive SELECT trial.SELECT trial: Selenium and Vitamin E Cancer Prevention Trial
A large comprehensive trial with supplements of selenium and vitamin E was needed to substantiate the earlier research findings which were not primarily on prostate cancer.
The primary goal of the experiment was to assess the effect on the number fresh cases of prostate cancer diagnosed during the trial.
The objective of the trial was to determine whether either or both could prevent tumor of prostate gland and other diseases with no toxicity in healthy men.
SELECT trial was also to assess the impact of vitamin E and selenium on colon and lung cancers as well as to collect the details of total incidences and survival rate.
The trial was also to study the associations between diet, food habits and cancer and provide basis for study of the molecular genetics.
A biorepository was created and the blood samples collected from participants at their entry into the trial and again after five years are to be used in studies of prostate and other cancers, and other age related diseases.
Additionally, it has been examining the effect of both vitamin E and selenium supplements on quality of life of participant, and findings from these follow ups will be presented in a future announcement or publication of trial.SELECT trial salient features: selenium and vitamin E utility
The trial is primarily funded by NCI (National Cancer Institute) and the trial is coordinated by a network of international research organisations, SWOG (Southwest Oncology Group) which receive funding from NCI.
SELECT trial was a well designed, well monitored and well controlled randomized double-blind study.
Between August 22, 2001, and June 24, 2004, 35,533 men were enrolled.
Later due to various reasons 630 were excluded from the analysis of trial.
African Americans aged 50 years and above and other men aged 55 years and above were enrolled for SELECT trial as most of prostate cancer occurs in persons above 55 years.
Men having benign prostate hyperplasia (BPH - enlargement of prostate) were also enrolled for selenium SELECT trial, but this information and medication taken were recorded.
Only men with negative results for the prostate tests, prostate-specific antigen (PSA) test and digital rectal examination (DRE) were enrolled for SELECT trial.
Persons with uncontrolled high blood pressure were not enrolled as a dose of 400 mg or above of vitamin E may precipitate stroke in them.
At the entry stage of SELECT toenail clippings were collected to know the selenium status of the trial participants.
Blood samples were also taken on enrollment and again after five years of joining the trial to assess the vitamin E status.
The diet details were recorded but the SELECT participants were not required to change their diets.
Multivitamin tablets (without selenium and vitamin E) were offered during the trial period.
The participants were assigned randomly at 427 participating sites in Canada, Puerto Rico and United States.
The SELECT trial participants were assigned to four groups receiving vitamin E and selenium, two placebos, a placebo and the mineral or a placebo and vitamin E.
Two types of capsules were given one looking like selenium capsule and the other looking like vitamin E capsule, which contained either the supplement or a placebo.
It was a double blind study and neither the participant nor the researchers know who received the mineral, vitamin E or placebo.
However the participants will be informed of the type of supplement given to them during their study site visit in 2010.
200 micrograms (μg) of selenium as L-selenomethionine and 400 milligrams (mg) of vitamin E as dl-alpha-tocopheryl acetate were given per day.
Apart from prostate cancer, SELECT evaluated the effect of the supplements on Alzheimer's Disease, dementia, Age-related macular degeneration (AMD), cataract and loss of lung function related to aging.
This trial was initially planned for a period of 7 - 12 years, but the supplements were stopped in October 2008 due to inefficiency of the supplements in prevention.
The participants are being followed up and the follow-up is to continue for 5 more years.The results of SELECT trial: selenium and vitamin E lack cancer prevention benefit
Most of the prostate cancer detected during the trial period were of early stage as well as of low grade and the stage and grade were similar between all groups.
At 5 years there were 3.8% death of SELECT participants and the number of death for each cause were similar for all groups.
There was a non significant rise of type 2 diabetes mellitus among the selenium only group.
There was a non significant rise of prostate cancer among the vitamin E only group.
The Data and Safety Monitoring Committee of SELECT programme reviewed the case study on October 29, 2008 and instructed its 35,000 plus trial participants to stop taking the selenium and vitamin E supplements.
SELECT trial showed apparent lack of health benefit over five years.
The advice of the committee was to stop the mineral and vitamin E supplements and not the trial.
It was found in SELECT that antioxidants vitamin E and trace mineral did not prevent prostate cancer when either taken alone or together for five years.
Conclusions and follow up of SELECT trial
It was decided to monitor the health of participants for three more years to determine whether there is any cancer prevention benefit or harm.
The Data and Safety Monitoring Committee of SELECT trial observed that there may be a small chance of effects of the selenium and vitamin E supplements later in participants lives.
Selenomethionine uses.
Antioxidant function - selenoproteins.
Prevention of HIV and AIDS.
Heart disease.
Treatment of Keshan disease.
Thyroid gland and hormones.
Selenium for prostate cancer.
Selenium health benefits.
Deficiency and symptoms.
Selenium and SELECT trial (current topic).
Selenium for prostate cancer prevention
Selenium was believed to prevent prostate cancer.
Selenium is an essential trace mineral required for the normal function of human body.
Selenium containing enzymes (selenoproteins) have been found to catalyze many antioxidant activities.
It is believed that one of the main reason for the occurrence of malignancy, especially of prostate glands, is the damage of the genetic components of the cells by free radicals.
Many a successful experiment and trial had been done and recorded in the late 1990s and early 2000 about the usefulness of selenium in the prevention of these malignancies with the supplementation of Se.Selenium and prostate cancer in NPC study 1996
The NPC (Nutritional Prevention of Cancer) study on prevention of new non-melanoma skin cancers and it was found that there was no benefit of this mineral in preventing this disease.
However among the participating men who took selenium for 6½ years, there was about 60% less incidence of development of prostate malignancy than the men taking only placebo.
When the participants were followed up in 2002 it was found that men who took its supplements for more than 7½ years, there was about 52% less incidence of development of this disease than the men taking only placebo.
This encouraging result was the corner stone for conduction of SELECT.
In another study conducted by Ulrike Peters, Charles B Foster, Nilanjan Chatterjee, Arthur Schatzkin, Douglas Reding, Gerald L Andriole, E David Crawford, Stefan Sturup, Stephen J Chanock and Richard B Hayes of Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, USA and other research facilities, it was concluded that,
Related selenium topics:
Health benefits.
Selenomethionine.
Antioxidant functions.
HIV/AIDS.
SELECT Trial.
Selenium for heart.
Treatment of Keshan disease.
Thyroid.
Overdose and side effects.
Deficiency and symptoms.
Selenium for prostate cancer (current topic).In another study conducted by Ulrike Peters, Charles B Foster, Nilanjan Chatterjee, Arthur Schatzkin, Douglas Reding, Gerald L Andriole, E David Crawford, Stefan Sturup, Stephen J Chanock and Richard B Hayes of Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, USA and other research facilities, it was concluded that,
serum level of this mineral was not associated with overall prostate malignancy risk;
in men taking high levels of vitamin E, higher serum selenium concentration was associated with low risk;
in multivitamin users, higher serum concentration was associated with reduced risk.
Among smokers, it was found that the risk was much reduced when high serum levels are maintained.Selenium may worsen existing prostate cancer in certain cases
In a study conducted by Dr Philip Kantoff from the Dana-Farber Cancer Institute in Boston, Massachusetts, USA and others, DNA and blood from men with localised or advanced prostate malignancy were analysed.
This analysis revealed that, on the whole, a slight increase in risk of aggressive type of malignancy was associated with higher levels of selenium.
However the results were affected by the forms of SOD2 gene present.
In patients with 'AA' gene, those with low levels of selenium were found to be 40% more likely to have aggressive prostate malignancy than persons with high serum selenium levels.
It was found that the reverse was true for the persons with 'V' form of gene.
In patients with 'V' gene, those with its low levels were found to be 33% less likely to have aggressive disease than persons with high serum selenium levels.
Hence it is advisable to think twice before taking supplements in case of existence of malignancy.Selenium in prostate cancer prevention: SELECT trial
In order to have a comprehensively study to evaluate usefulness of vitamin E and Selenium in the prevention of malignancy, SELECT (Selenium and Vitamin E Cancer Prevention Trial) was taken up (35533 participants).
However SELECT trial showed that there was no benefit from trace mineral and vitamin E supplements in terms of risk reduction and prevention of prostate cancer.
Health benefits.
Selenomethionine.
Antioxidant functions.
HIV/AIDS.
SELECT Trial.
Selenium for heart.
Treatment of Keshan disease.
Thyroid.
Overdose and side effects.
Deficiency and symptoms.
Selenium and thyroid hormone - Selenium for hypothyroidism
Selenium is essential for proper functioning of our immune system and thyroid gland.
Selenium is an essential trace mineral required for the human body in small amounts for boosting immunity against diseases as well as protecting it from oxidative free radicals.
Its deficiency has direct effect on the thyroid gland which are regulators of body's metabolism, growth and function.
The proper utilization of hormones, thyroxine (T4 or C15H11I4NO4) and triiodothyronine (T3 or C15H12I3NO4) and the conversion of T4 to active T3 is mediated and influenced by the quantities of selenium available in the body.Selenium and thyroid function
For the proper hormone synthesis in the gland and its activation and metabolism, essential trace minerals iodine and selenium are required.
In the human body selenium concentration is highest in the thyroid gland among all organs.
Thyrocytes (gland epithelial cells, follicular cells and acinar cells) secrete the hormones thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3).
In their biochemical activities thyrocytes produce H2O2 continuously for oxidative hormone synthesis.
Many selenium containing selenoenzymes are functionally expressed in thyrocytes as glutathione peroxidases, thioredoxin reductases, type I 5-deiodinase, type II 5-deiodinase and selenoprotein P.
Selenoenzymes form an effective cell defence mechanism against hydrogen peroxide and other reactive oxygen species, protecting the gland and maintaining its normal function.Selenium for thyroid problems and autoimmune inflammation
Autoimmune diseases are disorders of the gland wherein the body's own immune system attacks the gland cells.
The incidence of the thyroid inflammation is higher in regions with selenium deficiency.
It is found that deficiency of selenium, even at mild levels, can contribute to initiation of the gland disorders including autoimmune diseases.
It is also found that continued use of supplements has a positive effect on the these autoimmune diseases, alleviating many of the symptoms.
In a study by Roland Gärtner, Barbara C. H. Gasnier, Johannes W. Dietrich, Bjarne Krebs and Matthias W. A. Angstwurm of University of Munich, Germany, it was found that Selenoenzymes have diverse effects on the immune system and also within the this gland.
GPx antioxidant activity is markedly diminished during severe selenium deficiency.
This reduced antioxidant activity may initiate and contribute to oxidative damage of cells of this gland and fibrosis.
In such conditions thyroid peroxidase antibodies (TPOAb) may be formed leading to autoimmune thyroiditis.
Leonidas H. Duntas, University of Athens, Greece, in a recent paper 'Selenium and the Thyroid: A Close-Knit Connection' which is published by Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism concluded that ' Maintenance of "selenostasis" via optimal intake not only aids preservation of general health but also contributes substantially to the prevention of the gland disease'.
It is believed that viral and genetic components and gender could be co-factors triggering diseases like Grave’s Disease and Hashimoto's Thyroiditis in the absence of selenium antioxidant protection.Effect of selenium on the thyroid hormones T4 and T3
Our understanding of the function of the mineral in metabolism has undergone major advancement with early 2000 discoveries.
Selenoenzymes control or modulate many functional aspects of the metabolism of T4 and T3 hormones. Selenium-enzymes bring about the process of iodination of thyroglobulin in the gland.
In humans type I iodothyronine deiodinase is the enzyme responsible for most of the peripheral conversion of thyroxine or 3,5,3',5'-tetraiodothyronine (T4) to the active form 3,3',5-triiodothyronine (T3).
Type I iodothyronine deiodinase has been found to be a selenoenzyme.
Type II deiodinase is responsible for T4 conversion to T3 in the brain.
Type III deiodinase is the inner ring deiodinase responsible for deactivating T4 and T3.
It was recently found that both type I and type II are also selenocysteine enzymes containing selenium.
In a study conducted by Wayne Chris Hawkes and Nancy L. Keim of University of California, it was found that the serum level of T3 increased with low Selenium diet at 14 mcg/day leading to weight loss and sub clinical hyperthyroid responses.
However it also found that high Selenium diet of 297 mcg/day led to weight gain and sub clinical hypothyroid responses with decrease in serum T3.
Thus it is clearly evident that this mineral has direct effect on the hormone leading to hyperthyroid response or hypothyroid response depending on the deficiency or excess of its presence.
It is imperative to maintain optimum selenium status through foods and if necessary by supplementation for general health of the body and thyroid gland in particular.
Food sources
Selenomethionine
Antioxidant functions
For prostate cancer
Treatment of Keshan disease
SELECT for cancer prevention
For heart disease
HIV/AIDS treatment
Selenium overdose and side effects
Supplements and dosage
Selenium and thyroid hormone - Selenium for hypothyroidism (current topic)
Selenium as antioxidant - Functions of selenium
Home > Functions of selenium - Selenium as antioxidant.
Selenium antioxidant function is brought about by the Glutathione peroxidase selenoproteins.
In the biochemical processes in the body certain oxidative free radicals are produced. Though these are required in smaller quantities for the biological process, excess of them can be self-hurting, damaging our cells and membranes and also triggering oxidation of LDL and plaque deposit on the arterial walls.
However the water soluble selenite and selenate salts of selenium, the amino acid selenomethionine and food forms are absorbed by the body.
Related topics on selenium health benefits:
Treatment of Keshan disease
Heart disease
HIV/AIDS
Health benefits
Selenomethionine
Prostate cancer
Effect on thyroid hormones
SELECT for cancer prevention
Supplements and dosage
Overdose and side effects
Selenium antioxidant - selenoproteins - function (current topic)
Selenium antioxidant function is brought about by the Glutathione peroxidase selenoproteins.
Antioxidant (catalyzed by selenium compounds) neutralizes these free radicals turning them into harmless products.
We get some of the antioxidant forms from our food, whereas many of them are endogenously synthesized by our body.
Many of their function are catalyzed by enzymes and among them selenoproteins (obviously containing selenium) like glutathione peroxidases (GPX) and thioredoxin reductases are very important. Selenium as antioxidant
This mineral in its rare elemental form is not absorbed as such by our body and does not have any biological function except being toxic in excess exposure and inhalation.However the water soluble selenite and selenate salts of selenium, the amino acid selenomethionine and food forms are absorbed by the body.
In protein building, selenomethionine can be used by the body instead of the amino acid methionine, resulting in some of the selenium incorporated in tissues and unavailable in plasma.
Though selenium compound as such is not antioxidant, it has the vital action in catalyzing the reduction activity as an enzyme.
The cellular and sub cellular membrane integrity depends totally on glutathione peroxidases.
Further the protective catalyst function of glutathione peroxidase itself depends on the presence of selenium.Selenoproteins as selenium enzymes
This mineral is a constituent of the selenoproteins enzymes glutathione peroxidases (GPXs) and thioredoxin reductases (TrxRs).
GPXs main function is in catalysing the oxidation of glutathione (GSH), the most important endogenous antioxidant produce by the body cells.
Glutathione (GSH) in the presence of selenium enzymes, participates directly to neutralize the harmful free radicals and other reactive oxygen compounds.
It also keeps the exogenous polyphenols, vitamin C and vitamin E in their active reduced forms.
Thioredoxin reductases (TrxRs) catalyse the reduction of the redox protein thioredoxin (Trx); the reaction is NADPH-dependent.Types of selenium antioxidant enzymes and their functions
There are several isozymes of the selenium containing selenoprotein enzymes glutathione peroxidases.
They vary in their substrate specificity and their cellular location.
In humans, so far eight isoforms of glutathione peroxidases have been identified.
The most abundant form Glutathione peroxidase 1 (GPX1) is found in the cytoplasm of nearly all cells with hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) as preferred substrate.
Glutathione peroxidase 2 (GPX2) is an intestinal and extracellular enzyme.
Glutathione peroxidase 3 (GPX3) is extracellular enzyme and abounds plasma.
Glutathione peroxidase 4 (GPX4) is present in every cell and its preferred substrates are lipid hydroperoxides.
The antioxidant catalyst process is as follows.
2GSH +H2O2 → GS-SG + 2H2O
(GSH represents reduced monomeric glutathione, and GS–SG represents glutathione disulfide.)
The function and process is at the selenium-cysteine site, wherein it is in a Se(-) form as resting state.
This is oxidised by peroxide to SeOH which then reacts with GSH to form GS-Se and water.
Then Gs-Se reacts with another GSH molecule to form Se(-) again, releasing GS-SG as the by-product.
Glutathione reductase then reduces the oxidized glutathione to form the GSH again.
GS–SG + NADPH + H+ → 2 GSH + NADP+
Thioredoxin reductases (TrxRs) are a family of selenium-containing pyridine nucleotide-disulphide oxidoreductases.
The main function of TrxRs is catalysis of the NADPH-dependent reduction of the redox protein thioredoxin (Trx), as well as of other exogenous and endogenous compounds.
Presently two confirmed forms have been identified.
Again The availability of Selenium is a key factor for TrxR activity.
Treatment of Keshan disease
Heart disease
HIV/AIDS
Health benefits
Selenomethionine
Prostate cancer
Effect on thyroid hormones
SELECT for cancer prevention
Supplements and dosage
Overdose and side effects
Selenium antioxidant - selenoproteins - function (current topic)
Selenium for HIV and AIDS - Selenium immune system
Selenium is found to boost the immune system and decrease progression of HIV/AIDS.
In the treatment of this pandemic affecting immune system the focus is now shifting towards nutrient supplements like selenium in addition to antiretroviral therapy so as to improve the quality of life of the affected. It is found that dietary selenium supplement can reduce the viral load and help in increasing the CD4+ T Cell Count and boosting immune system.
Selenium as antioxidant boosts immune system of HIV infected
Selenium as an essential trace mineral is required for the formation of selenoprotein enzymes, which are vital for the immune system. These selenoenzymes by neutralizing the free radicals (by-products of metabolism) save the body cells from oxidative damages. Glutathione (GSH) is the unique tripeptide essential for the functional physiology of immune system. The raised glutathione levels make the immune system to go into antiviral , anti HIV mode and the T cell function is enhanced. Antioxidants (includes selenium) are known to inhibit viral replication, boost immune system and also help in inhibiting apoptosis.HIV/AIDS prevalence is low in regions with selenium rich soil
Viral infection and full-blown syndrome in sub-Saharan Africa has reached pandemic proportions with nearly 25% of the population being affected (Botswana 25%, Zimbabwe 25% and Zambia 19%) with HIV-1 infection as high as 36% in some parts. All these regions have one thing in common; the soil is poor in selenium. However in West Africa, Senegal has the lowest prevalence of only 1.77% in the population.Senegal is fortunately situated on the sedimentary bed rocks of desiccated sea of Cretaceous and early Eocene period with soil rich in selenium, magnesium, phosphorus and calcium. Similarly Bolivia, which is rich in selenium (a major exporter of the mineral), has very low prevalence (0.2%) of of this viral infection when compared to the surrounding countries. Finland, whose soil is deficient in selenium, has made it mandatory to add selenium to fertilizers in 1984 and has 0.3% prevalence of Aids while the surrounding countries have double the prevalence.
Even after considering the lifestyle, unprotected promiscuous activity and AIDS awareness and education in these regions, the selenium availability in soil stands out as the main factor directly affecting the relative incidence of HIV. Selenium status in those infected with this virus and those with AIDS is a significant predictor of survival.
Selenium boosting immune system makes HIV/AIDS less virulent and slows its replication
It is well established that the infected persons slowly become selenium deficient and their infection protection mechanism collapses. This is due to encoding the entire glutathione peroxidase (a selenoenzyme) by the HIV as it replicates. It sources the selenoenzyme component amino acids and selenium from the cells and plasma of the patient, affecting his immune system.In a 18 month study jointly undertaken by the Duke University and Tamil Nadu State AIDS Control Society (TNSACS) in the South Indian State of Tamil Nadu, 10,500 people with HIV/AIDS were given antiretroviral therapy (ART) along with micro and macro nutrients. The study found that the micronutrient interfered with protein required for viral replication and reviving the disease resistance, improved the condition of the affected patients.
In another experiment conducted by K. Sandeep Prabhu and others it was found that HIV replication was inhibited at least ten fold when Selenium (sodium salt of selenium) was added to the cell culture. When the virus depletes all the mineral of the host cell, it replicates and attacks other healthy cells for more selenium.
The greater the uptake of selenium by HIV, greater is the its deficiency and compromise of the AIDS affected person's immune system. Selenium supplementation keeps the virus within the affected cell and cater to its need of this mineral. This helps the immune system to be well prepared and highly functional warding off any opportunistic infections.
Treatment of HIV/AIDS with Selenium, tryptophan, glutamine and cysteine
Dr. Harold Foster (died august 15, 2009), formerly faculty member in the Department of Geography, University of Victoria, treated AIDS patients in Africa with amino acids tryptophan, glutamine, cysteine and trace mineral selenium; which are the basic components of the selenoprotein enzyme glutathione peroxidase.Affected patients are found to be extremely deficient in all the four nutrients required for the synthesis of glutathione peroxidase. When treated with these nutrients it was observed that patients were able to return to work within a month and their immune system revived. This virus competes for the glutathione peroxidase nutrients for its replication and depletes these nutrients in the infected individual.
With the current antiretroviral therapy for HIV/AIDS targeting the replication of the virus, the intake of these amino acids along with selenium further boosts the immune system of the affected person helping him to lead a near normal life.
Selenium and HIV/AIDS (current topic).
Can selenium prevent heart diseases?
Home > Selenium and heart diseases
Selenium being an antioxidant, its action in preventing heart disease is being investigated.
Selenium is an essential component of the selenoproteins forming antioxidant enzymes like glutathione peroxidase (GPX).
During the process of metabolism in our body, free radicals are formed as by-products which have devastating effects on the body tissues, oxidizing the LDL (low density lipoproteins) and leading to plaque formation on the walls of the blood vessels.
The antioxidants reduce the free radicals and protect the tissues from their damage.
Well documented evidence is available on the preventive effects of vitamin E and vitamin C on the cardiac problems.
In the case of selenium conflicting results have been obtained towards its use for prevention of cardiac problems.Selenium deficiency causes Keshan disease
It is well known that chronic deficiency of Selenium in diet can lead to Keshan disease, a potentially fatal form of congestive cardiomyopathy.
This condition is characterized by cardiac enlargement leading to pulmonary edema and cardiac failure.
There is a great possibility of the sub clinical form of this existing in larger population whose diet is insufficient in Se.
This section of the population which may have minor cardiac ailments is bound to benefit a lot if their low blood selenium levels are checked and proper supplementation is given.Usefulness of selenium in heart diseases
In a meta-analysis performed on studies conducted from 1966 to 2005 it was found that the risk of cardiovascular ailments was inversely linked to the mineral concentration in the blood.
One of the risk factor for coronary problems is high plasma levels of homo-cysteine.
In a study conducted by University of Oveido Selenium has been found to reduce the homocysteine levels in blood.
Ongoing research has to prove conclusively that low blood levels of selenium increase the risk of cardiac problems.
Some investigations found that selenium does not give protection against cardiac problems.
State University of New York Analyzed the results of the Nutritional Prevention of Cancer Trial (NPC Trial) conducted in 90s.
It was found that in participants taking supplement at 200 mcg/per day for 7½ years the incidence rate of death, stroke and heart attack had not changed and that the mineral did not prevent cardiac ailments.Selenium supplements may increase the risk of heart problems?
In a study conducted by researchers from University of Warwick, the link between the levels of Selenium and lipids in the blood was investigated.
The study was conducted on more than 1000 participants in the age group 19-64 years.
It was found that total cholesterol levels increased by 8% with a increase of 10% in LDL cholesterol in participants having more than 1.20 mol/L of the mineral in their blood.
The study concluded that taking Se supplements without requirement may boost the cholesterol levels leading to increase in risk of cardiac problems.Further research is required for conclusively arriving at the benefit, if any, of selenium supplements for preventing heart problems.
Health benefits
Selenomethionine
Antioxidant functions.
HIV/AIDS.
For prostate cancer.
Selenium overdose and side effects
Thyroid hormones.
SELECT for cancer prevention.
Treatment of Keshan disease.
Supplements and dosage.
Selenium for heart disease (current topic).
Keshan disease - Selenium for treatment of Keshan disease
Keshan disease is a deficiency condition caused by the dietary deficiency of selenium.
Keshan disease is a disease of heart muscle (congestive cardiomyopathy) which is potentially fatal.It was later found to be prevalent in a wide belt extending from Southwest to Northeast China.
In 1960s this ailment had claimed thousands of lives.
The soils of these regions are found to be deficient in selenium.
Apart from China selenium soil deficiency is found to be prevalent in parts of Finland, Russia and New Zealand.
This ailment often found to afflict children and young women.
Causes of Keshan disease
This ailment is primarily caused by the dietary deficiency of the essential trace mineral Se.Some medical experts believe that coxsackievirus B3 may be partly responsible for the development of this condition.
It is believed that benign Coxsackie B3 viruses may mutate to cardiotoxic strains in condition of selenium deficiency.
Symptoms
Initially there may be symptoms like diarrhea, vomiting, fever and body pains.The initial symptoms include heart inflammation, Arrhythmia, Cardiac insufficiency and enlargement accompanied by loss of heart muscle tissues.
Advanced stage is characterized by pulmonary edema and heart failure.
Diagnosis
If an individual is having persisting symptoms a visit to medical professional is necessary to rule out the possibility of having the ailment.Echo cardiogram is used to check for structural and functional problems of heart.
Resting ECG and stress ECG are taken to further determine the condition of heart.
Myocardium of the affected person shows mycolysis and multifocal necrosis with fibrous replacement.
Blood sample is taken and investigated for the selenium levels.
Treatment
Treatment for this condition is by supplementation of Selenium in diet.Many initial intervention studies showed the prophylactic effect of the inorganic sodium selenite.
If treated early the effects of this ailment can be reversed.
However damage to heart muscle cannot be reversed and the supplements can only stop further progress of the condition.
Smoking and alcohol must be totally avoided as they can worsen the condition of the heart.
Healthy balanced food rich in selenium must be consumed for early repair of the damaged tissues.
The patient must rest well and refrain from stressful activities so as to give the heart a chance to recover.
If necessary and if possible, surgery is performed to correct the heart condition.
Prevention of Keshan disease
Consuming food rich in selenium can ward off the occurrence of this health problem.People living in regions deficient in soil Selenium must take supplements to protect themselves from occurrence of this condition.
The recommended dietary allowance for selenium is 55-60 mcg per day for an adult.
Pregnant women require 60 mcg of Selenium and lactating mothers require 70 mcg of selenium per day.
Inclusion of seafood, garlic, mushroom and Brazil nut (which is the richest source of selenium) in diet can help in preventing the onset.
Related topics on selenium health benefits:
Health benefits.
Selenomethionine.
Antioxidant - selenoproteins - functions.
HIV/AIDS.
Supplements and dosage.
Overdose and side effects.
For prostate cancer.
Thyroid - effect on hormones.
SELECT for cancer prevention.
For heart.
Selenium in treatment of Keshan disease (current topic).
Health benefits.
Selenomethionine.
Antioxidant - selenoproteins - functions.
HIV/AIDS.
Supplements and dosage.
Overdose and side effects.
For prostate cancer.
Thyroid - effect on hormones.
SELECT for cancer prevention.
For heart.
Selenium in treatment of Keshan disease (current topic).
Selenium liquid - Selenium drops - Advantages - Disadvantages
Home > Selenium (Se) liquid and drops
Selenium liquid is the supplement administered as drops.
Selenium is an essential trace mineral required for the healthy function of the human body.
This trace mineral is very important for the synthesis of antioxidant enzymes containing selenoproteins.
For the proper function of thyroid hormones as well as many organs like heart, prostrate glands and thyroid glands this mineral is required in trace quantities.What is selenium drops?
The supplements of this essential trace mineral are formulated in the forms of fluid, tablets, capsules and injectables.
The fluid form is usually made as a suspension of L-selenomethionine, sodium selenite or sodium selenate in purified water or syrup.
Many additives like other essential minerals and syrup may be added to keep the isotonic nature as well as to increase the palatability.Selenium liquid - advantages and disadvantages
The main advantage is that the supplement is in a pleasant palatable form.
It has been found that essential trace minerals when taken in a fluid ionic form are readily absorbed and are bioavailable.
Compared to tablet and capsule form of supplements in fluid form are relatively expensive.
When taking this supplement form there is the possibility of squirting more quantity than required.
On the long run this extra dose can precipitate selenosis symptoms.Some popular brands of Selenium drops
- 'SharpWebLabs.com by Florida Herb House' supplies this mineral in 16 oz bottles containing approximately 40 mg per litre and 200 mcg per teaspoon.
- 'Angstrom selenium' is available with the strength of 40 ppm in 16 oz bottles
- 'Liquid Ionic Selenium' 300mcg (product of 'Trace Minerals Research®') is marketed in 2 fl. oz bottle. This product is yeast-free containing purified water, L - Selenomethionine, Sodium selenate and maltodextrin.
- The product of 'Dr Sandra Cabot' comes in 100 ml bottle. It also contains zinc. It contains sodium benzoate and potassium sorbate. This formulation does not contain yeast, gluten, sugar or dairy products.
- 'M mineralife' 'SELENIUM 8oz *120 Day Supply*' contains 400 mcg per 2ml serving per day and also 200 mcg of ionic catalyst. The mineral is in the form of ionized selenite.
- 'BODYBIO Selenium #8 Liquid Mineral' comes in 4oz container to give 530 servings. The supplement gives 200 mcg of the mineral in the form of sodium selenate.
- 'T. J. Clark Liquid Selenium' contains the mineral as L-selenomethionine giving 70 mcg per 5 ml serving (1 teaspoon). It also contains 100 mcg of Phytogenic Mineral Catalyst.
- 'New Beginnings Selenium Liquid' supplies approximately 250 mcg of this trace mineral per serving of five drops. It comes in a 2 fl. oz container. The mineral in this supplement is in the form of sodium selenite. The product does not contain gluten, soy, yeast, dairy products, sugars and corn.
Precautions while taking selenium drops
Take care to squirt only the required number of drops.
When used for children it is advisable to consult your health care provider about the dosage.
If you are taking other multivitamin supplements study their contents and if this mineral is added in them then reduce the quantity so as not to exceed a total of 200 mcg per day.
Supplements - dosage.
Enriched yeast.
Brazil nuts.
Selenium deficiency.
Health benefits.
Selenomethionine.
Sulphide lotion - shampoo.
Sodium selenite and selenate.
Organic forms.
Selenium liquid and drops (current topic).
Selenomethionine uses - Selenomethionine safety - selenium amino acid
Selenomethionine is a naturally occurring amino acid containing the essential trace mineral selenium.
This mineral is present in natural food sources as L-enantiomer of selenomethionine, which is commonly known as Sem and SE-met (selenium-methionine).
Molecular formula of selenomethionine is C5H11NO2Se.
During the synthesis of the methionine, when available, it is incorporated randomly instead of sulfur and SeMet is formed.Seleno-amino acid, selenomethionine, is the best among the selenium supplements
Selenium in the form L-selenomethionine is present as a natural component of foods like cereals, nuts, meat and seafood.
Most of the L-selenomethione is absorbed in the small intestine region of gastrointestinal tract.
This process, as in the case of methionine is carrier-mediated by Na+ ions.
The intestinal absorption process recognises SeMet as amino acid take it up in greater quantities.
Unlike the inorganic forms of selenium like, sodium hydrogen selenite, sodium selenate and sodium selenite, L-selenomethionine shows high bioavailability and absorption rate of selenium to the order of more than 90%.
Sodium selenate is well absorbed by the gastrointestinal tract, but most of it is excreted in urine without utilization.
As for sodium selenite up to 50% is absorbed; however it is retained better than selenate.
Organic acid forms like L-selenomethionine are well absorbed and well utilized by the body.
In adult human body pool 5-15 mg of selenium is present of which nearly 50% is present in skeletal muscle.
Once absorbed from L-SeMet it is incorporated for a long term in the body pool.
In the body SeMet half-life is 250 days where as inorganic sodium selenite half-life is only 100 days.
L-selenomethionine is found to be stable with a shelf life of more than three years.
U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has approved L-SeMet for use in dietary supplements with various formulations.Synthesis of selenium L-selenomethionine
For large scale synthetic production of SeMet, L-methionine is initially transformed to methyl-methionine derivative.
By hydrolysis methyl-methionine compound is converted to homoserine and then into α-amino-γ-butyrolactone.
This compound on reacting with HBr converts into 2-amino-4-bromobutanoic acid. Then it is reacted with LiSeCH3 to obtain L-selenomethionine.
SeMet produced in such manner with high purity is marketed as yeast-free selenium and is preferred by some patients.Biosynthesis of selenomethionine
Most of the plants, when inorganic water soluble salts are available in soil, synthesize the selenium amino acid SeMet.
When spirulina is cultured in a medium high in inorganic salts, synthesises and accumulates SeMet in the cells. However this spirulina source is less effective in boosting the mineral levels in humans.
Enriched yeast is produced by growing yeast in medium rich in inorganic salts.
Selenium yeast is the best source of this organic biosynthesized selenomethionine, as it can produced in great quantities and is less expensive.Selenomethionine safety
The synthetic product being very pure is listed as a very toxic substance in material Safety Data Sheets.
It should be handled with all the necessary care and its inhalation should be avoided.
However nutritional supplements of inorganic salts and organic forms like selenium yeast are only toxic when the upper tolerance levels are exceeded for a long period.
For more information on 'Upper tolerance level' of selenomethionine read topic on 'Selenium overdose and side effects'.
Related topics on selenium food and supplements:
Dietary supplements - dosage.
Health benefits.
Selenium deficiency.
Enriched yeast.
Brazil nuts
Sulphide lotion - shampoo.
Organic forms.
Sodium selenite and selenate.
Dietary supplements - dosage.
Health benefits.
Selenium deficiency.
Enriched yeast.
Brazil nuts
Sulphide lotion - shampoo.
Organic forms.
Sodium selenite and selenate.
Sodium selenite - Sodium selenate - Inorganic selenium chemicals
Sodium selenite and selanate are the most common inorganic salts of selenium used as mineral supplements.
Selenium rarely occurs in nature in its elemental form and its inorganic sodium compounds occur in nature in soils.
It is an essential trace mineral and its inorganic salts like sodium selenite and selenate are used as dietary supplements in animal feeds as well as human nutrient supplement formulations.
As an chemical it has many industrial uses and in glass industry it is used to manufacture colorless glass.Properties of sodium selenate
Sodium selenite is a colorless solid and is a salt.
It is highly water-soluble and is found in its anhydrous compound (Na2SeO3) form and its pentahydrate form (Na2SeO3(H2O)5).
Its selenate compound is also a white/grey powder, slowly soluble in water with the chemical formula Na2SeO4.Production and synthesis of Na2SeO3
Its sodium compounds are by products of copper refining and accumulate as slime on the bottom of electrorefining tank.
By sulfuric acid roasting or soda ash roasting of the copper slime the inorganic salts of selenium are produced.
Its other salt can also be prepared by the reaction of sodium hydroxide with selenium dioxide.
SeO2 + 2 NaOH → Na2SeO3 + H2OUses of inorganic selenium salt: sodium selenite and selenate
Sodium selenite and selanate are being used in animal feed formulations, agricultural applications and human nutrition.
The superior forms of selenium like Selenomethionine and enriched yeast are slowly replacing these in human and animal nutrition supplements.
Na2SeO4 form of selenium is almost completely absorbed by the gastro-intestinal tract, but greater amount of it is excreted in urine without utilization.
As for its other form of salt only about 50% of it is absorbed; however it is better retained in the body for utilization.
Organic forms of selenium are well absorbed and well utilized by the body.Precautions while taking sodium selenite and selenate supplements
Selenium is required in very small doses. Uninformed persons can exceed the upper limits and suffer selenosis.
In a multivitamin preparation, this salt may get reduced to element form by the presence of vitamin C.
Hence it is advised not to consume this trace mineral along with vitamin C.
Selenium absorption is also found to be decreased when this supplement is taken along with supplemental iron, zinc, and copper.
However sodium selenate form does not combine with these metals or vitamin C.
Very high does of both of these compounds have been found to be mutogenic and carcinogenic in animal experiments.Ecological impact of indiscriminate use of these sodium compounds.
Human activities like irrigation of normally dry lands, mining activity and using selenium in many industries have created many ecological problems.
These sodium compounds in the soil is getting get dissolved in the agricultural and rain run off and the wetlands are becoming loaded with inorganic selenium salts affecting the water birds and fish.
Related topics on selenium food:
Dietary supplements - dosage.
Deficiency.
Health benefits.
Selenium yeast.
Selenomethionine.
Brazil nuts.
Sulphide lotion - shampoo.
Dietary supplements - dosage.
Deficiency.
Health benefits.
Selenium yeast.
Selenomethionine.
Brazil nuts.
Sulphide lotion - shampoo.
Selenium sulfide shampoo - Selenium sulfide lotion - tinea versicolor
Selenium sulfide (SeS2) is used in shampoo and lotion for the treatment of dandruff and tinea versicolor.
Selenium sulfide is the commercial name for Selenium disulfide, an inorganic compound with antibiotic, fungicidal and anti infective properties, widely used in topical preparations for treating fungal infection like dandruff, seborrheic dermatitis and tinea versicolor.
Selenium sulfide lotion - shampoo - tinea versicolor (current topic).
What is selenium sulfide shampoo or lotion?
At 1% strength it is available over the counter and is used in the form of shampoo for treating dandruff.
However 2.5% strength is available only under prescription and used for tinea versicolor skin infections caused by Malassezia furfur species of skin fungus.Method of using selenium sulfide lotion and shampoo
Shake the container well before using these preparation as the ingredients may settle to the bottom.
Selenium preparation usually comes as a liquid.
For use on the scalp, follow label directions.
Usually it is advised to apply on wet scalp and and rub well to get lather.
Rinse off selenium compound and repeat the application again.
Leave it for a few minutes and rinse hair and scalp thoroughly for several times to get rid off any residue.
Initially apply twice a week and later apply once a week for 4-5 weeks.
For treatment of fungal skin infections like tinea versicolor, use 2.5% strength preparation and follow the advice of the medical care provider.
It will be usually advised to apply daily for a week on the affected skin.
Apply as advised by the doctor and rinse well with plenty of water to remove all of the medication.Precaution while using selenium shampoo and lotion
As the ingredients may react and damage metals, remove jewelry before the use.
If you have sensitive skin, consult doctor and take advice.
Do not apply it on scratched, damaged or cut skin.
Do not use the medication on to cut or scratched scalp skin.
Take care to avoid getting it in to the eyes.
If it gets into eyes accidentally, rinse well with water.
If eye irritation continues or the eye gets inflamed consult your doctor immediately.
Selenium sulfide lotion should not be used on children below two years without doctor's advice.
For use by children, pregnant women, lactating mothers, and people with skin infections and dermatitis, doctor's advice must be sought.
Do not use more than the prescribed quantity, frequency and duration of application to avoid skin irritation and allergy.Side effects of selenium lotion and shampoo
Minor side effects like dryness or oiliness of scalp, dryness of skin and hair discoloration and hair loss may occur.
If it does not resolve after some time seek doctor's advice.
If there is any skin irritation, scalp irritation, eye irritation, breathing trouble, dizziness, itching and swelling of face, tongue or mouth consult doctor immediately.
Serious allergic reactions to these skin preparations are rare.
Selenium compound is found to be carcinogenic to animals when given orally.
If you find any serious side effect from the medication you can report to U.S. Food and Drug Administration online (at http://www.fda.gov/Safety/MedWatch/default.htm). Storage and safety of selenium sulfide shampoo and lotion
Like any other medicine, the selenium lotion must be kept out of reach of children.
The container must be tightly closed kept in a place away from moisture, heat or sunlight. Do not use any expired medication.
These preparations for tinea vesicolor or dandruff are topical and for external use only.
They should never be taken into mouth, swallowed or used on open wounds.
Exsel, Dandrex, Selsun, Selsun Blue and Head and Shoulders Intensive Treatment Dandruff Shampoo are some of the popular brands of selenium sulfide lotion and shampoo preparations.
Related topics on selenium food and supplements:
Dietary supplements - dosage.
Enriched yeast.
Selenomethionine.
Selenium health benefits.
Deficiency and symptoms.
Sodium selenite - Sodium selenate.
Organic selenium.
Brazil nuts.
Dietary supplements - dosage.
Enriched yeast.
Selenomethionine.
Selenium health benefits.
Deficiency and symptoms.
Sodium selenite - Sodium selenate.
Organic selenium.
Brazil nuts.
Organic selenium - Selenium absorption and metabolism
Home > Organic selenium - absorption and metabolism
Organic selenium is the best form of this trace mineral with better absorption and metabolism.
This essential trace mineral exists in its organic and inorganic forms.
Its natural form shows higher degree of absorption and metabolism than the inorganic form.
It is the integral part of the selenoprotein and antioxidant enzyme, glutathione peroxidase (GPx), and is vital for reducing the destruction of cells in free radical peroxidative reactions.What is organic selenium?
Though it rarely exists in its elemental form, its inorganic salts are present in soil.
Its selenite and selenate salts are obtained as by-product of copper mining.
Plants take up these salts by absorption and transform them into amino acids like selenomethione and selenocysteine.
Selenium utilization in plants is similar to that of sulphur and the trace minerals are found together.
From the sulphate salts in the soil, plants make the amino acid methionine and from selenite and selenate salts they make L-selenomethionine.
Till the advent of enriched yeast production, the sources of this trace mineral were from plant foods and inorganic supplements like sodium selenite (Na2SeO3) and sodium selenate (Na2SeO4).Types of organic selenium forms
L-selenomethionine: Great proportion of seleno amino acids from food sources exist in this form.
This type of selenium has good rate of utilization in the body.
D-selenomethionine: This is an isomer of L-selenomethionine and found in small quantities in food.
L-selenocysteine: Formed due to substitution Se instead of sulfur in the amino acid cysteine.
This form is found in small quantities in food.
D-selenocysteine: Very small quantity of this isomer is found in food.
Selenium yeast: Properly fed-batch fermented yeast contains high concentration of L-selenomethionine and small quantities of L-selenocysteine.
L-Se-methylselenocysteine: This compound is found in Brassica (broccoli, cauliflower) and Allium (onion, garlic) plant families.
This is now synthesized from chemicals and found to be non-toxic.
It is found to be effective in the treatment of cancers.Comparison of organic selenium and inorganic salts for their absorption and metabolism
The absorption of inorganic selenate salts is fast but they are excreted with same speed without much utility to the body.
The metabolism of selenite salts poor and only up to 50% is utilised.
However it is retained in the body for some time.
The utilization rates of selenomethionine in the intestinal tract are high (19% better than selenite) as it is recognized as an amino acid by the body.
This form is well retained and utilized in the body.Superiority of selenomethionine from organic selenium sources over synthetic products
Christine D Thomson, Alexandra Chisholm, Sarah K McLachlan and Jennifer M Campbell from the Department of Human Nutrition, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand conducted a study on comparative absorption, metabolism and bioavailability of selenium from natural sources and synthetic sources.
It was proven beyond doubt in this experiment that the food form of selenomethionine absorption and metabolism is much better than the synthetic chemical form.
In order to have sufficient regulated supply of this trace mineral in our body, it is best advised to obtain Selenium from food sources, wherein the absorption and metabolism are better.Sulfide lotion and shampoo.
Dietary supplements - dosage.
Brazil nuts.
Selenium health benefits.
Selenium food sources.
Sodium selenite - Sodium selenate.
Selenium yeast.
Selenomethionine.
Organic selenium - absorption and metabolism (current topic).
Enriched selenium yeast
Home > Selenium enriched yeast
Selenium yeast is the enriched organic form mostly containing selenomethionine.
Selenium (Se) is an essential trace mineral required for the production of selenoprotein antioxidant enzymes.
For the healthy function of human body selenoproteins like Glutathione peroxidases (GPx) have a vital role in reducing cell-destroying free radicals.
These selenoproteins are also important for proper function of thyroid gland hormones.
Supplements are available in both organic and inorganic forms.
Compared to inorganic forms organic forms have higher absorption and utilization rate.What is selenium yeast?
.
Attempts were made to enrich selenium in yeast by fermenting a cane molasses medium with higher levels of inorganic salts of this trace mineral.
Yeast in their growth process transform the inorganic form into organic form by replacing the sulfur molecule with Se molecule in their amino acids.
It is to be noted that simply adding inorganic selenite or selenate salts to the product after fermentation, does not produce enriched yeast.
By such addition the trace mineral will neither be transformed into organic form nor get incorporated into the cells.
In 1970 commercial production of enriched yeast was started.
Commercial product contains 1000 mcg to 2000 mcg of this trace mineral per gram.
Presently reputed manufacturers supply this product containing more than 90% of organic form L-selenomethionine.
Present enriched yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) is a dried, non-viable yeast cultured by fermentation in fed-batch process.
FDA has permitted enriching complete feed for dairy cattle, beef cattle, chicken and turkey with the mineral yeast at levels not exceeding 0.3 ppm (part per million).Selenium yeast production process
Fed-batch fermentation is the popular process for production of dried non-viable enriched yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae).
The salient features of this process is providing incremental amounts of molasses (cane) and sodium selenite into the fermenter.
This minimizes the possibility of detrimental effects on the growth of these yeast cells by one time high quantities of inorganic salts.
Further this facilitates their transformation into organic mineral forms and incorporation into cell material.
Sufficient aeration is given during the fermentation to help its growth.
Low levels of inorganic sulfur are maintained in the medium to enhance Se uptake.
For adjustment of pH during fermentation non sulfur acids like dilute hydrochloric acid are used.
Temperature during yeast fermentation is maintained below 45o C (120oF) to avoid degradation of sodium selenite.
The entire yeast fermentation process may take between 14-16 hours.
By centrifuging, enriched product is now separated from the medium to get a cream.
The extra-cellular materials are removed by rigorous washing (up to seven times) to achieve less than 2% residual inorganic Se salts in the total content of this mineral in the end product.
This cream is now pasteurized for 45 minutes at 85oC and then drum dried to get a non-viable product with 4%-5% moistureAdvantages of selenium yeast
The organic forms are better absorbed and utilized than the inorganic forms.
Inorganic forms can reach toxic levels easily in certain situations.
Among the inorganic forms selenate salts (sodium selenate) are readily absorbed into the body and excreted by kidneys without proper utilization for building selenoprotein.
Selenite salts (sodium selenite) are poorly absorbed (only 50%) though retained for longer time.
The organic forms, basically selenomethionine, are better absorbed and utilized by the body.
In most of the food sources, Se is found mostly as selenomethionine in the intracellular content of the tissues.
In enriched yeast, inorganic salt is transformed mostly into selenomethionine and incorporated into intracellular amino acids.
Experimentally it has been proved that compared to synthetic selenomethionine supplement, the mineral in Brazil nut (intracellular selenomethionine) is better absorbed and utilized.
Akin to food sources enriched yeast is also better absorbed and better utilized.Enriched yeast uses
Earlier FDA had permitted addition of this yeast product in complete broiler and layer feed. Now addition in cattle feed has been permitted.
Many of the experiments conducted on the nutritional importance of this mineral have used yeast enriched form as supplement.
Selenium yeast is the best form for human supplements with easy absorption and utilization .
Selenium sulfide lotion and shampoo.
Supplements.
Brazil nuts.
Liquid and drops.
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Selenomethionine.
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Selenium rich food - Selenium in Brazil nuts highly bioavailable
Home > Selenium rich food - Selenium in Brazil nuts
Brazil nuts are rich sources of selenium (Se) and one ounce contains ten times the recommended dietary allowances.
Though these trees are being raised as plantations their economic viability is questionable.
Apart from the food value, the fruits of this tree are good sources of vitamins like thiamine and vitamin E and minerals like calcium, magnesium, phosphorus, copper and manganese.Selenium sources
One ounce of these fruits are found to contain as much as 550 mcg of Se which is ten times the U.S.Recommended Dietary Allowances (USRDA).
Among the nuts, these contain the rich amount of this mineral in them (2500 times more).
However the amount may vary among the regions and batches of produce.
In human body selenoproteins are required for making antioxidant enzymes and this makes selenium an essential mineral.
The high content of this mineral and vitamin E in these fruits contributes to their excellent antioxidant activity.Food bio-availability of selenium is high in Brazil nuts
A study on comparative bio-availability was conducted by Christine D Thomson, Alexandra Chisholm, Sarah K McLachlan and Jennifer M Campbell from the Department of Human Nutrition, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand.
59 adults were divided into 3 groups and fed in food 2 fruits, 100 µg this mineral as selenomethionine or placebo daily for 12 weeks.
After 12 weeks the blood levels of selenium and glutathione peroxidase (GPx) were measured and the levels were found to be significantly higher in 'eating group' than in placebo and selenomethionine groups.
It was conclusively proved that intake of this mineral and its bio-availability were far higher from these fruits than taking selenomethionine supplements.Tips for getting most out the selenium in Brazil nuts
Rich in fats and polyunsaturated fatty acids, they tend to get rancid quickly.
Unshelled and fresh fruits are preferred as their kernel tastes better and contain up to 100 mcg of Se per fruit.
It is advised to keep them under refrigeration, so as to avoid rancidity and loss of their nutritive value.
Freezing the fruits helps in cracking them open and the kernel comes out easily.
In some rare cases some people develop allergy to these fruits.
Excess consumption must be avoided as this may lead to overdose and selenosis.Why selenium is rich in Brazil nuts among foods?
There are many assumptions and the probable reasons may be these.
Proteins food contained in these fruits are rich in amino acids containing sulfur, like mthionine and cysteine.
These trees have extensive root system and taking up more minerals.
These are found to absorb rich amounts of many minerals including radium.
As the availability of selenium is more with this type of root system, it is used in the tissues of Brazil nuts to replace the sulfur in sulfur containing amino acids.
Supplements.
Liquids and drops.
Selenium sulfide lotion and shampoo.
Selenium health benefits.
Deficiency and symptoms.
Selenomethionine.
Organic selenium.
Sodium selenite - Sodium selenate.
Selenium yeast.
Selenium rich food - Brazil nuts (current topic).
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