High calcium in blood - Hypercalcemia definition - What is hypercalcemia?

Feb 2014  Home › Calcium deficiency diseases › What is hypocalcemia? › High blood calcium - Hypercalcemia definition - What is hypercalcemia?

What is hypercalcemia?
Hypercalcemia is high blood calcium levels. High levels of serum calcium can be due to excessive release of the mineral from the bones, its increased absorption in the intestines or decreased excretion of calcium by the kidneys.

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The most common cause of hypercalcemia is hyperparathyroidism. The hyperfunction of the parathyroid glands causes excessive production of parathyroid hormone (PTH) and causes the disorder.

PTH regulates the calcium and phosphate levels in the blood. The excessive secretion of parathyroid hormone (PTH) increases the renal absorption of the mineral. Parathyroid hormone also induces the production of vitamin D (calcitriol) and increases the bone turnover and the release of calcium from the bones. Primary hyperparathyroidism may result due to adenoma, hyperplasia or carcinoma of the parathyroid glands. The parathyroid adenoma, parathyroid hyperplasia, parathyroid carcinoma and multiple endocrine neoplasia are some of the diseases known to cause primary hyperparathyroidism. High overdose of vitamin D in infants can cause idiopathic hypercalcemia with symptoms like increased bone density and mental retardation.

Hypercalcemia causes signs such as bone pain, renal stones, anxiety, drowsiness, confusion, increased gastric acidity, fatigue, muscle weakness and sleeplessness. The advanced hypercalcemia symptoms include cognitive dysfunction, abnormal heart rhythms and coma. When the serum levels of the mineral exceed 15–16 mg/dL or 3.75–4 mmol/l medical emergency results. Hypercalcemia treatment involves hydration, inducing urinary excretion of the mineral, decreasing its intestinal absorption.

Web definitions

1.wordnetweb.princeton.edu defines the disorder as "the presence of abnormally high levels of calcium in the blood; usually the result of excessive bone resorption in hyperparathyroidism or Paget's disease".

2.thefreedictionary.com defines as "an abnormally high level of calcium in the blood, usually more than 10.5 milligrams per deciliter of blood."

3.According to merriam-webster.com, "Definition of HYPERCALCEMIA: the presence of an excess of calcium in the blood".

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Current topic in nutritional deficiency diseases:
High blood calcium and hypercalcemia

Enriched selenium yeast

Home > Selenium enriched yeast

Selenium yeast is the enriched organic form mostly containing selenomethionine.

Selenium (Se) is an essential trace mineral required for the production of selenoprotein antioxidant enzymes.

For the healthy function of human body selenoproteins like Glutathione peroxidases (GPx) have a vital role in reducing cell-destroying free radicals.

These selenoproteins are also important for proper function of thyroid gland hormones.

Supplements are available in both organic and inorganic forms.

Compared to inorganic forms organic forms have higher absorption and utilization rate.

What is selenium yeast?

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Attempts were made to enrich selenium in yeast by fermenting a cane molasses medium with higher levels of inorganic salts of this trace mineral.

Yeast in their growth process transform the inorganic form into organic form by replacing the sulfur molecule with Se molecule in their amino acids.

It is to be noted that simply adding inorganic selenite or selenate salts to the product after fermentation, does not produce enriched yeast.

By such addition the trace mineral will neither be transformed into organic form nor get incorporated into the cells.

In 1970 commercial production of enriched yeast was started.

Commercial product contains 1000 mcg to 2000 mcg of this trace mineral per gram.

Presently reputed manufacturers supply this product containing more than 90% of organic form L-selenomethionine.

Present enriched yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) is a dried, non-viable yeast cultured by fermentation in fed-batch process.

FDA has permitted enriching complete feed for dairy cattle, beef cattle, chicken and turkey with the mineral yeast at levels not exceeding 0.3 ppm (part per million).

Selenium yeast production process

Fed-batch fermentation is the popular process for production of dried non-viable enriched yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae).

The salient features of this process is providing incremental amounts of molasses (cane) and sodium selenite into the fermenter.

This minimizes the possibility of detrimental effects on the growth of these yeast cells by one time high quantities of inorganic salts.

Further this facilitates their transformation into organic mineral forms and incorporation into cell material.

Sufficient aeration is given during the fermentation to help its growth.

Low levels of inorganic sulfur are maintained in the medium to enhance Se uptake.

For adjustment of pH during fermentation non sulfur acids like dilute hydrochloric acid are used.

Temperature during yeast fermentation is maintained below 45^o C (120^oF) to avoid degradation of sodium selenite.

The entire yeast fermentation process may take between 14-16 hours.

By centrifuging, enriched product is now separated from the medium to get a cream.

The extra-cellular materials are removed by rigorous washing (up to seven times) to achieve less than 2% residual inorganic Se salts in the total content of this mineral in the end product.

This cream is now pasteurized for 45 minutes at 85^oC and then drum dried to get a non-viable product with 4%-5% moisture

Advantages of selenium yeast

The organic forms are better absorbed and utilized than the inorganic forms.

Inorganic forms can reach toxic levels easily in certain situations.

Among the inorganic forms selenate salts (sodium selenate) are readily absorbed into the body and excreted by kidneys without proper utilization for building selenoprotein.

Selenite salts (sodium selenite) are poorly absorbed (only 50%) though retained for longer time.

The organic forms, basically selenomethionine, are better absorbed and utilized by the body.

In most of the food sources, Se is found mostly as selenomethionine in the intracellular content of the tissues.

In enriched yeast, inorganic salt is transformed mostly into selenomethionine and incorporated into intracellular amino acids.

Experimentally it has been proved that compared to synthetic selenomethionine supplement, the mineral in Brazil nut (intracellular selenomethionine) is better absorbed and utilized.

Akin to food sources enriched yeast is also better absorbed and better utilized.

Enriched yeast uses

Earlier FDA had permitted addition of this yeast product in complete broiler and layer feed. Now addition in cattle feed has been permitted.

Many of the experiments conducted on the nutritional importance of this mineral have used yeast enriched form as supplement.

Selenium yeast is the best form for human supplements with easy absorption and utilization .

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High protein food sources

Home › High Protein food sources

Proteins in cereal food sources

Corn and rice, the staple food sources of the third world are poor in proteins and are leading to obesity of the populations due to high carbohydrate content of these cereals.

Protein food sources	Value per 100g
	Unit	Protein	fats	Carbohydrate	Energy
Wheat flour, whole grain	gram	13.70	1.87	72.57	339 kcal
Rice, white,medium, raw	gram	6.61	0.58	79.34	360 kcal
Corn flour whole grain	gram	6.93	3.86	76.85	361 kcal
Barley flour	gram	10.50	1.60	74.52	345 kcal
oats	gram	16.89	6.90	66.27	389 kcal
Finger millet (ragi)	gram	7.3	1.3	72.00	328 kcal
Millet, raw	gram	11.02	4.22	72.85	378 kcal
Sorghum	grams	11.30	3.30	74.63	339 kcal
Rye flour, medium	gram	10.88	1.52	75.43	349 kcal
Triticale flour, whole-grain	gram	13.18	1.81	73.14	338 kcal
Teff, uncooked	gram	13.30	2.38	73.13	367 kcal
Buckwheat	grams	13.25	3.40	71.50	343 kcal
Quinoa, uncooked	gram	14.12	6.07	64.16	368 kcal

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High protein vegetarian food sources

High Protein food sources	Value per 100g
	Unit	Protein	fats	Carbohydrate	Energy
Soy flour, defatted sources	gram	47.01	1.22	38.37	330 kcal
Soy meal, defatted, raw	gram	49.20	2.39	35.89	337 kcal
Soybeans, mature seeds boiled	gram	16.64	8.97	9.93	173 kcal
Soybeans, green, boiled	gram	12.35	6.40	11.05	141 kcal
Soy milk, original	gram	3.27	1.75	6.28	54.5 kcal
Tofu, raw	gram	8.08	4.78	1.88	76.5 kcal
Soy protein isolate	gram	80.69	3.39	7.36	338 kcal
Cashew dry roasted	gram	15.31	46.35	32.69	574 kcal
almonds	gram	21.22	49.42	21.67	575 kcal
Peanuts, all types, raw	gram	25.80	49.24	16.13	567 kcal
Peanut flour, defatted	gram	52.20	0.55	34.70	327 kcal
Peanut butter, chunk	gram	24.06	49.94	21.57	589 kcal
pumpkin seed kernels,dried	gram	30.23	49.05	10.71	559 kcal
Lima beans, mature seeds, raw	gram	21.46	0.69	63.38	338 kcal
Kidney beans mature raw seeds	gram	23.58	0.83	60.01	333 kcal
Peas, green, raw	gram	5.42	0.40	14.45	81.5 kcal
Peas, split, mature seeds, raw	gram	24.55	1.16	60.37	341 kcal
Chickpeas (garbanzo beans, Bengal gram), mature seeds	gram	19.30	6.04	60.64	364 kcal
Yeast extract spread	gram	27.80	0.00	11.80	158 kcal
Spirulina, dried	gram	57.47	7.72	23.90	290 kcal

High protein food sources of animal origin

High Protein food sources	Value per 100g of food
	Unit	Protein	fats	Carbohydrate	Energy
Milk, whole, 3.25% milk fat	gram	3.15	3.27	4.78	61.5 kcal
Yogurt, plain, low fat	gram	5.25	1.55	7.04	63.5 kcal
Cheese, cheddar	gram	24.90	33.14	1.28	403 kcal
Cheese, cottage, low fat	gram	12.39	1.02	2.72	72.5 kcal
Egg, whole, raw, fresh	gram	12.57	9.94	0.78	143 kcal
Chicken, breast, meat	gram	21.23	2.59	0.00	114 kcal
Turkey breast meat	gram	17.07	1.66	4.21	104 kcal
Fish, cod, raw	gram	17.81	0.67	0.00	82.5 kcal
Fish, tuna, fresh, skipjack, raw	gram	22.00	1.01	0.00	103 kcal
Fish, tuna, white, canned, solid	gram	23.62	2.97	0.00	128 kcal
Lamb meat raw	gram	20.0	5.0	0.00	135 kcal
Beef, Center Cut Steak	gram	20.67	5.88	0.00	141 kcal

compiled from USDA database
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